I am a parent and I've tended to be proactive rather than reactive. It has minimized the amount of "discipline" that is actually needed.
My kids pretty much know what is valued and expected of them. Expectations are made clear ahead of time if I know it's something that will be important to me and they marinate in what is valued as part of the family.
I don't think they have any strong need for rebellion against what is expected of them because I suppose the expectations are really fairly few. I pretty much recognize they have different needs and experiences, so that is taken into consideration in what I ask of them.
I don't consider my needs (or the adult needs) in the home as paramount. If something is in conflict (meaning their needs vs. the adult needs), then we talk about both sets of needs and find something that will work.
I'm pretty permissive though.
My son's room is a disaster. Should I make him clean it? Nah, I don't really care and if I do care about some aspect of it, then I'll address that aspect with him in terms of need rather than in terms of disobedience. Besides, my room is a disaster too.
Usually natural consequences are sufficient in my experience.
That all said, when I have had to discipline, it's usually tended toward the time-out side. Not really as a punishment though, but rather as a space of time to think so that conversation could be had productively.
I don't know. I have a 17 yr old and an 11 yr old and I regularly get positive comments on who they are as people. I think it's worked out OK. They're definitely not perfect and there are many things that are part of how they behave that people might not approve of, but they are things that they seem to be comfortable with in themselves, they do not personally bother me, and if natural consequences from those behaviors begin to adversely affect them, I'm pretty sure they'll change.